植物精油及其单体成分对水果腐败菌的抑菌活性及作用机理研究进展

为寻求绿色、天然的水果防腐保鲜剂,对水果常见的腐败微生物及其特征进行了分析,综述了牛至、肉桂、百里香、丁香、橙皮、芥末和山苍子7种植物精油对水果常见腐败菌的抑制作用,分析了百里酚、香芹酚、肉桂醛、柠檬醛、丁香酚5种精油单体成分的抑菌机理,总结出植物精油及其单体成分对水果常见腐败菌抑菌机理主要有以下5个途径：破坏细胞壁、细胞质膜,增强膜通透性;通过降低或抑制霉菌孢子的产生与萌发,阻断其繁殖;线粒体膜发生电势超级化,TCA循环关键酶活性被抑制,氧化还原反应系统被破坏;抑制ATP的合成和呼吸酶的活性,能量代谢异常;干扰DNA、RNA正常合成或加速RNA降解。     

国家重要热带作物工程技术研究中心运行机制探讨

从国家重要热带作物工程技术研究中心现状出发,探讨工程中心的运行机制,提出了加快构建热带农业工程技术研究中心运行机制的对策和建议。     

萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对油菜药害的效果和解毒机理初报

采用模拟咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留,以油菜盆栽试验研究萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的解毒效果和解毒机理。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸25g ai/hm2用量下对油菜有较重药害,可使油菜苗的株高、鲜重等生长指标和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）活力、氨基酸含量等生理指标明显降低。用种子重量0.5%萘二甲酐（NA）湿润拌种处理油菜种子能减轻咪唑乙烟酸对油菜苗的药害。萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的油菜苗株高和鲜重明显高于咪唑乙烟酸处理。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸都能导致油菜苗的氨基酸含量发生变化,并对GSH含量和GST活力有不同程度的影响。与咪唑乙烟酸25g ai/hm2处理相比,萘二甲酐加入咪唑乙烟酸后,使16种氨基酸含量升高,只有脯氨酸含量降低,氨基酸总量升高;GSH含量略有增加,但GST活力有显著提高。可以认为提高油菜苗氨基酸含量和GST的活力是萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸解毒的重要途径。     

Cytotoxic and Apoptosis-Inducing Activity of Triterpene Glycosides from Holothuria scabra and Cucumaria frondosa against HepG2 Cells

The cytotoxic effects of thirteen triterpene glycosides from Holothuria scabra Jaeger and Cucumaria frondosa Gunnerus (Holothuroidea) against four human cell lines were detected and their cytotoxicity-structure relationships were established. The apoptosis-inducing activity of a more potent glycoside echinoside A (1) in HepG2 cells was further investigated by determining its effect on the morphology, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψ_m) and mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes. The results showed that the number of glycosyl residues in sugar chains and the side chain of aglycone could affect their cytotoxicity towards tumor cells and selective cytotoxicity. 1 significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. 1 also markedly decreased the Δψ_m and Bcl-2/Bax mRNA express ratio, and up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 in HepG2 cells. Therefore, 1 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. These findings could potentially promote the usage of these glycosides as leading compounds for developing new antitumor drugs.     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of a Lipid Extract from Hard-Shelled Mussel (Mytilus Coruscus) on Chronic Arthritis in Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of a lipid extract from hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) on adjuvant-induced (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. AIA and CIA rats that received hard-shelled mussel lipid extract (HMLE group) at a dose of 100 mg/kg demonstrated significantly lower paw swelling and arthritic index, but higher body weight gain than those which received olive oil (control group). Similar results were found in arthritic rats that received New Zealand green-lipped mussel lipid extract (GMLE) at the same dosage. The levels of leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) in the serum, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ankle joint synovial fluids of HMLE group rats were significantly lower than those of control group. However, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in HMLE group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. Decreased mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13, but increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) were observed in the knee joint synovium tissues of HMLE group rats when compared with the control group. No hepatotoxicity was observed in both HMLE and GMLE group rats. The present results indicated that HMLE had a similarly strong anti-inflammatory activity as GMLE. Such a strong efficacy could result from the suppression of inflammatory mediators (LTB₄, PGE₂, TXB₂), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α) and MMPs (MMP1, MMP13), and the promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and TIMPs (TIMP1) productions.     

抗小贯松村叶蝉和茶棍蓟马的茶树种质筛选及其抗性相关因素分析

探讨不同茶树品种对小贯松村叶蝉（Matsumurasca onukii）和茶棍蓟马（Dendrothrips minowai Priesner）的抗性,为抗虫茶树品种的选育和推广提供科学依据。以11个茶树品种紫娟、水仙、梅占、白鸡冠、瑞香、奇兰、黄玫瑰、白牡丹、黄棪、大红袍、黄观音为供试材料,采用五点取样法对田间种群密度进行调查,并进行茶树植物学形态特征调查,以及叶片组织结构测定、化学成分检测,明确茶树物理性状、化学成分与抗虫性之间的相关性。结果显示,按抗小贯松村叶蝉的强弱,11个茶树品种可分为4类,第Ⅰ类：紫娟,感虫（S）;第Ⅱ类：梅占、黄棪、奇兰、水仙、白牡丹,中感（MS）;第Ⅲ类：瑞香、大红袍、黄观音、黄玫瑰,中抗（MR）;第Ⅳ类：白鸡冠,抗（R）。按抗茶棍蓟马的强弱也可将其分为4类,第Ⅰ类：黄玫瑰,感虫（S）;第Ⅱ类：瑞香、白鸡冠,中感（MS）;第Ⅲ类：黄观音、奇兰,中抗（MR）;第Ⅳ类：白牡丹、黄棪、大红袍、梅占、紫娟、水仙,抗（R）。结合相关分析显示,小贯松村叶蝉总虫口数与11个茶树品种的花青素含量、GCG含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与上角质层厚度/叶片厚度、下角质层厚度/叶片厚度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而与游离氨基酸总量、栅栏组织厚度、上表皮厚度、上表皮厚度/叶片厚度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。叶长与茶棍蓟马总发生量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且小贯松村叶蝉的总虫口数与茶棍蓟马总虫口数显著负相关（P<0.05）。综合分析得出,大红袍茶树品种和黄观音茶树品种对小贯松村叶蝉和茶棍蓟马均存在一定抗性,是值得推广的茶树良种。调查结果还发现小贯松村叶蝉和茶棍蓟马之间存在同期交替为害茶树的现象。     

2种受阻酚类防老剂对天然橡胶热氧老化防护效果多尺度分子模拟及实验研究

引入多尺度分子模拟技术对比研究了2种受阻酚类防老剂2,2°-亚甲基双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)（防老剂2246）与防老剂2,2°-亚甲基双(4-乙基-6-叔丁基苯酚)（防老剂425）对天然橡胶（natural rubber, NR）的热氧老化防护效果。量子力学模拟（QM）结果表明,2种防老剂的O-H键解离反应自由能（ΔG）均低于NR的C-H键ΔG,且防老剂425在其解离位置h处的O-H键ΔG最低,为250.08 kcal/mol,搜索2种防老剂或NR与过氧自由基CH₃OO·的反应过渡态,发现防老剂425的过渡态能垒（E_barrier）最低,为5.31 kcal/mol,证明其能更快速地捕获过氧自由基,有效延缓NR分子链的氧化反应,表明了其防老剂化学反应防护机制。分子动力学（MD）模拟结果表明,防老剂425与NR之间的溶解度参数（δ）更接近,扩散系数（D）更低,即防老剂425与NR分子链更易相容,迁移性更低。蒙特卡洛（MC）模拟结果表明,氧气在3种体系中的渗透系数（P）大小顺序为P_NR>P_NR/2246>P_NR/425,即防老剂425更容易阻隔氧气渗透,表明了其防老剂物理防护机制。为验证分子模拟结论的准确性,对不同NR复合体系进行0~7 d的热氧老化实验,采用拉力试验机、邵尔A硬度计、傅里叶红外变换光谱仪研究2种防老剂对NR的热氧老化防护效果,发现NR/425体系的力学性能保持率最好,红外图谱结果显示,防老剂425/NR复合体系的氧碳摩尔比增长率最低,表明防老剂425对NR的防护效果更好,与分子模拟结论一致,证明多尺度分子模拟有助于防老剂的选取。     

大肠杆菌耐热肠毒素b及其致动物腹泻的机理

介绍了大肠杆菌耐热肠毒素b（STb）的编码基因、理化性质、免疫学特征、分泌特征、毒性相关氨基酸残基、空间结构、膜受体以及STb致动物腹泻的机理。认为STb是一种十分重要的肠毒素，应进一步加强对STb及其致腹泻机理的研究。     

非营利组织的发展:动力、机制与作用

从需求动机、利益刺激、社会组织结构与职能变化,以及“两部门失灵”等多个角度论述非营利组织产生和发展的动机,并浅析了非营利组织的监督机制、激励机制、竞争机制与创新机制。结合当今全球化的时代背景与我国加入WTO的具体环境,着重分析了我国非营利组织在政府职能转变过程中的重要作用。     

政治思想工作现状及创新机制研究

加强和改进思想政治工作,必须科学分析思想政治工作现状,积极探索思想政治工作创新机制。当前,思想政治工作的现状具体表现为:社会进入信息化、网络化时代;世界意识形态领域竞争加剧;经济成分和经济利益多样化;社会思想的多元化;思想政治工作亟待强化等。探索思想政治工作创新机制,应完善“一个体系”———全方位思想政治工作网络系统;确立“两个理念”———以人为本、服务至上;实施“三个工程”———信念工程、人心工程、形象工程;拓展“四个主渠道”———正面灌输、媒体传播、社会舆情、活动载体。